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1 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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2 отбор воздуха
air bleed (from engine), air
(от двигателя) — offtake
- воздуха в самолетные снстемы (для нужд самолета) — aircraft hp air bleed, (hp) air bleed for powering aircraft systems
- воздуха (из коллекторов системы кондиционирования) — air dueting /routing/
- воздуха из (из-за, от) компрессора — air bleed from compressor, епgine air bleed
воздух, отбираемый от двигателя, используется для системы кондиционирования, противообледенительной системы, струйной защиты воздухозаборников, пневмоагрегатов двигателя и др. — air bleed from lp and hp compressors is used to power the aircraft pneumatic (air conditioning) system, engine anti-icing, nacelle ventilation and blowaway jet system, thrust brake bucket actuation.
- воздуха на наддув и обогрев кабины — air bleed to cabin pressurization and heating system
- воздуха на охлаждение (деталей) турбины — air bleed for turbine cooling
- воздуха на противообледенительную систему — air bleed to anti-icing system
- воздуха, непрерывный (постоянный) — continuous air bleed
непрерывный и нерегулируемый отбор воздуха от кнд н квд производится на охлаждение различных деталей двигателя. — continuous air bleed, without any control, is fed from lp and hp compressors to cool the engine parts.
- воздуха от всу — apu air bleed
- воздуха от всу (для запуска самолетного двигателя) — apu air bleed (for aircraft engine starting)
- воздуха от двигателя — air bleed from engine, engine air bleed /offtake/
- воздуха от компрессора двигателя — engine air bleed /offtake/
- воздуха от (3) ступени компрессора — air bleed from compressor stage 3
- мощности (величина отбираомой мощности) — power output
- мощности (процесс) — power taking-off
- мощности на вал — power takeoff to shaftРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > отбор воздуха
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3 Robinson, George J.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1712 Scotlandd. 1798 England[br]Scottish manufacturer who installed the first Boulton \& Watt rotative steam-engine in a textile mill.[br]George Robinson is said to have been a Scots migrant who settled at Burwell, near Nottingham, in 1737, but there is no record of his occupation until 1771, when he was noticed as a bleacher. By 1783 he and his son were describing themselves as "merchants and thread manufacturers" as well as bleachers. For their thread, they were using the system of spinning on the waterframe, but it is not known whether they held a licence from Arkwright. Between 1776 and 1791, the firm G.J. \& J.Robinson built a series of six cotton mills with a complex of dams and aqueducts to supply them in the relatively flat land of the Leen valley, near Papplewick, to the north of Nottingham. By careful conservation they were able to obtain considerable power from a very small stream. Castle mill was not only the highest one owned by the Robinsons, but it was also the highest mill on the stream and was fed from a reservoir. The Robinsons might therefore have expected to have enjoyed uninterrupted use of the water, but above them lived Lord Byron in his estate of Newstead Priory. The fifth Lord Byron loved making ornamental ponds on his property so that he could have mock naval battles with his servants, and this tampered with the water supplies so much that the Robinsons found they were unable to work their mills.In 1785 they decided to order a rotative steam engine from the firm of Boulton \& Watt. It was erected by John Rennie; however, misfortune seemed to dog this engine, for parts went astray to Manchester and when the engine was finally running at the end of February 1786 it was found to be out of alignment so may not have been very successful. At about the same time, the lawsuit against Lord Byron was found in favour of the Robinsons, but the engine continued in use for at least twelve years and was the first of the type which was to power virtually all steamdriven mills until the 1850s to be installed in a textile mill. It was a low-pressure double-acting condensing beam engine, with a vertical cylinder, parallel motion connecting the piston toone end of a rocking beam, and a connecting rod at the other end of the beam turning the flywheel. In this case Watt's sun and planet motion was used in place of a crank.[br]Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for an account of the installation of this engine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (describes the problems which the Robinsons had with the water supplies to power their mills).S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (provides details of the business activities of the Robinsons).J.D.Marshall, 1959, "Early application of steam power: the cotton mills of the Upper Leen", Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire 60 (mentions the introduction of this steam-engine).RLH -
4 сеть
net
(плетеная или выполненная из гибких элементов)
- (система, совокупность эл. цепей) — circuitry
совокупность цепей, обеспечивающих связь внутри системы или между системами, — а complex of circuits describing interconnection within or between systems.
- (совокупность агрегатов и соединительных цепей) — system
power, pwr
- (электрическая цепь) — circuit (crct)
- аэродромного питания (внутрисамолетная) — external power system
- аэродромов — airfield network
- большого тока (магистральная) — mains
сеть от источника питания до цру (рис. 91).
-, бортовая электрическая — aircraft electrical system
-, грузовая — cargo net
для закрепления грузов в грузовом отсеке, — the cargo net is used to fasten the cargo items in the cargo compartment.
-, дренажная (слив) — drainage lines
-, дренажная (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent lines
- канала автопилота (эл. цепи) — autopilot circuitry
- канала крена (рыскания, тангажа) — roll (yaw, pitch) circuitry
-, магистральная (эл. питательная) — mains
- маршрутов — route network
- на авар. питание — emer pwr in use
- на аккумулятор питание эпетрической системы ла от бортового аккумулятора. — battery power in use (ватт pwr in use), battery power available (ватт pwr avail)
ватт position of ехт pwr/batt switch
ватт in use
ехт pwr in use /avail/
при включении наземного эпектропитания загорается табло — with the external power supply connected the ext pwr in use light is on.
ехт pwr not in use
- наземных радиостанций — network of radio stations
the system employs signals from the network of omega navigation stations.
- на основной источник питания (сеть питается от осн. источника) — circuit on primary power source (crct on prim pwr)
- на резервный источник питания — circuit on standby /alternate/ power source (crct on alt pwr)
- на трансформатор (сеть питается от трансформатора) — circuit on transformer (crct on xfmr)
xfmr
xfmr in use /avail/
- на шину (no i) — circuit on bus (i)
сеть питается от шины noi — the circuit is fed from bus i.
ехт pwr in use
- переменного (постоянного) тока, бортовая — aircraft ас (do electrical system
- питания (эл.) — power (supply, feed) circuit
-, питательная (эл.) — mains, supply mains
сеть, служащая для подвода электроэнергии от источника к распределительным устройствам (шинам) (рис. 91). — conductors conveying power from а generating source to а distribution bus.
-, питательная магистральная — series mains
сеть, в которой все ру включаются в одну магистраль последовательно друг за другом. — conductors connecting the distribution busses in series.
- питательная, радиальная (эл.) — radial mains
сеть, в которой все распределительные устройства подключаются к шине генератора параллельно идущим проводам. — conductors connecting the distribution busses to а generator bus in parallel.
- (1) при питании от генератоpa (no i). — circuit (1) on (no. i) generator power, circuit (i) powered by generator (no. i), (crct i on gen. i)
- радиомаяков — radio beacon /station / network
-, развязывающая — decoupling circuit
-, распределительная электрическая — electrical load distribution system
-, электрическая — electrical system
27 vdc power
115 vac power
включать (ставить под напряжение) бортовую эпектрическую с. — turn on aircraft electrical power
включать бортовую сеть и убедиться, что все аэс включены, — turn on aircraft electrical power and check that all circuit breakers are closed.
защищать с. (с помощью аэс) — protect the circuit (by circuit breaker)
работать от с. (напряжением)... вольт — operate at а supply... of voltsРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > сеть
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5 источник бесперебойного питания активного типа
источник бесперебойного питания активного типа
источник бесперебойного питания с режимом работы «на линии» (on-line)
on-line источник бесперебойного питания
on-line ИБП
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[Интент]EN
on-line UPS
true on line UPS
A double conversion system, which energizes the load continuously from the inverter (see IEC 62040-3, VFI Classification). The inverter is fed from mains via a rectifier in normal operation, or from batteries upon mains outage.
[ http://www.upsonnet.com/UPS-Glossary/]Существуют четыре вида on-line ИБП:
- ИБП с одиночным преобразованием,
- ИБП с дельта-преобразованием,
- феррорезонансные ИБП,
- ИБП с двойным преобразованием
В настоящее время ИПБ с одиночным преобразованием и феррорезонансные ИБП практически не выпускаются.
Примечание. В английском определении on-line ИБП (on-line UPS) является синонимом ИПБ с двойным преобразованием (double conversion system). Во многих российских публикациях (например, см. А. Воробьев. Классификация ИБП. http://www.osp.ru/lan/2003/10/138056/ отмечается, что это неправильно)
Тематики
Синонимы
- on-line ИБП
- on-line источник бесперебойного питания
- ИПБ активного типа
- ИПБ с режимом работы "на линии"
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > источник бесперебойного питания активного типа
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6 снаружи
•A sample cell placed outside the laser cavity produced a strong thermal lens.
•A telescope will be attached to the outside of the laboratory.
•The outside of the boiler is sprayed with...
•The scale might collect on the outside of the tubes.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > снаружи
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7 питаться
•These insects are nurtured upon plant foods.
•The field of the generator is fed from the exciter.
•The supply of nutrients on which plants feed...
•The larvae live on phytoplankton.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > питаться
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8 получающий ток от центральной станции
Railway term: fed from the generating stationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > получающий ток от центральной станции
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9 Mineralbad
n mineral bath; (Kurort) spa* * *Mi|ne|ral|badntmineral bath; (= Ort) spa; (= Schwimmbad) swimming pool fed from a mineral spring* * *Mi·ne·ral·badnt spa* * * -
10 болото атмосферного питания
Русско-английский сельскохозяйственный словарь > болото атмосферного питания
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11 аппаратура
[см. автоматически действующая аппаратура; бортовая аппаратура; научная аппаратура; фотоаппаратура; син. оборудование; оснащение]More satellites of greater weight and carrying different types of equipment……its systems and equipment were fed from chemical sources.The automatic lunar station carries various scientific facilities…actinometric instrumentation of meteorological satellitesSince 1957, use has been made of electronic and other instruments… -
12 химический источник тока
…its systems and equipment were fed from chemical sources.Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > химический источник тока
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13 κυματοφθόρος
κῡμᾰτο-φθόρος, ον,Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κυματοφθόρος
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14 τραπεζεύς
A at, of a table, in Hom. always κύνες τραπεζῆες dogs fed from their master's table, Il.22.69, 23.173, Od.17.309:—[full] τραπεζῆται in Ibyc.60; cf.τραπεζίτης 111
.II parasite, Plu.2.50c;Ἅιδου τ. Aristias
Trag.3.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τραπεζεύς
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15 τραπεζεύς
A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > τραπεζεύς
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16 уплотнение
seal
- (набивка) — packing
-, воздушное — air seal
-, воздушно-масляное — air/oil seal
-, гидравлическое — hydraulic seal
- данных (в регистрирующем устройстве) — data multiplexing
-, контактное — contact seal
-, контактное торцевое — face contact seal
-, лабиринтное — labyrinth seal
бесконтактное устройство для уменьшения утечки жидкости или газа, осуществляемое при помощи ряда последовательных резких изменений проходного сечения на пути утечки. — а kind of seal or gland consisting of baffles, grooves, rings, etc, in an intricate arrangement designed to restrict а flow or to minimize leakage, as behind the rotary element of a compressor.
-, масляное — oil seal
- между ступенями (компрессора), лабиринтное воздушное — interstage air labyrinth seal
-, межступенчатое воздушное — interstage air seal
- опоры, воздушное — bearing air seal
воздушное уплотнение, предотвращающее попадание газов в опору, и утечку масла из опоры компрессора. — the bleed air is fed from the compressor stages to pressurize bearing seals against oil or gas leakage.
- передачи данных (измерений) — data transmission multiplexing multiplex code transmission.
- подшипника (масляное) — bearing (oil) seal
- раструбом (соединения трубопровода) — bell-and-spigot joint seal
-, сальниковое — gland seal
- сфера no конусу (соединения трубопровода) — ball-and-socket joint seal
- типа поршневого кольца подавать давление (обеспечивать наддув) в опору — piston-ring type seal pressurize the bearingРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > уплотнение
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17 входная цепь
входная цепь
-.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]распределительная панель
НКУ, состоящее из коммутационных устройств или устройств защиты (например, плавких предохранителей), присоединенных к одной или нескольким выходным цепям с питанием от одной или нескольких входящих цепей, а также зажимов для нейтрального проводника и проводников цепей защиты. Оно может также содержать сигнальные устройства и другие устройства контроля.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > входная цепь
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18 выходная цепь
выходная цепь
-.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]распределительная панель
НКУ, состоящее из коммутационных устройств или устройств защиты (например, плавких предохранителей), присоединенных к одной или нескольким выходным цепям с питанием от одной или нескольких входящих цепей, а также зажимов для нейтрального проводника и проводников цепей защиты. Оно может также содержать сигнальные устройства и другие устройства контроля.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > выходная цепь
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19 коммутационное устройство
коммутационное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для обеспечения или прерывания подачи электрического тока в электрические цепи.
Примечание - Коммутационное устройство может выполнять одну или обе эти функции.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]
коммутационное устройство
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[IEV number 442-01-46]EN
switching device
a device designed to make or break the current in one or more electric circuits
Source: 441-14-01 MOD
[IEV number 442-01-46]
switchgear
any of several devices used for opening and closing electric circuits, esp those that pass high currents
[Collins]FR
dispositif de coupure
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
appareil destiné à établir ou à interrompre le courant dans un ou plusieurs circuits électriques
Source: 441-14-01 MOD
[IEV number 442-01-46]distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]распределительная панель
НКУ, состоящее из коммутационных устройств или устройств защиты (например, плавких предохранителей), присоединенных к одной или нескольким выходным цепям с питанием от одной или нескольких входящих цепей, а также зажимов для нейтрального проводника и проводников цепей защиты. Оно может также содержать сигнальные устройства и другие устройства контроля.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]
Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > коммутационное устройство
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20 распределительная панель
распределительная панель
НКУ, состоящее из коммутационных устройств или устройств защиты (например, плавких предохранителей), присоединенных к одной или нескольким выходным цепям с питанием от одной или нескольких входящих цепей, а также зажимов для нейтрального проводника и проводников цепей защиты. Оно может также содержать сигнальные устройства и другие устройства контроля.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]
панель распределительная
Панель многопанельного ВРУ, содержащая аппараты блока(ов) распределения и в которой могут также размещаться блоки учета, блоки автоматического или неавтоматического управления освещением и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 51732-2001]EN
distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]FR
tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]распределительная панель
-EN
distribution board
an assembly of one or more overcurrent protective devices, arranged for the distribution of electrical power to final subcircuits
[IEC 60092-101, ed. 4.0 (1994-10)]FR
panneau de distribution
ensemble comprenant un ou plusieurs dispositifs de protection contre les surintensités et assurant la distribution d'énergie électrique à des circuits terminaux
[IEC 60092-101, ed. 4.0 (1994-10)]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Verteiler, m
FR
- panneau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > распределительная панель
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